vietnam war field hospitals

China Beach (1988-1991) The trials of a weary nurse, her friends and colleagues in a Vietnam War field hospital. This is a story I needed to tell, and I am only 50 years too late. Their lives were in my hands.. According to Dr. David Cromwell, physicians didn't get more than a stethoscope. I was responsible for them," Four later told Whyy. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Seven hundred and fifty-nine of these patients were not from transfer by direct admissions, and the facility was operating as a surgical as well as an evacuation hospital. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. ", Through therapy, new jobs, veteran centers, and moresurprising sources, former medical staff of the Vietnam War found their way back to civilian life. The soldier was one of more than 100 who were wounded during Viet Cong attacks on two U.S. military compounds at Pleiku, 240 miles north of Saigon. The tenseness of the situation is evident in the manner in which the medical team rushes about as each one does their duty. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The range of professional capabilities available (including four full-time dispensaries and Neurology, Dermatology, Special Radiologic Procedures, Oral Surgery, Psychiatric Consultations, Orthopedic Surgery, NeuroSurgery, General Surgery Services) made the 95th Evacuation Hospital a referral center for difficult and sophisticated cases in Northern Military Region I. Navy Nurse Corps Vietnam Veterans parade in Fredericksburg, Va. Mary Niel, Frances Shea Buckley, Minnie Wiggins Yates. CU image of blood pressure measuring device on patient's arm. They were able to serve their country and save and comfort the wounded men in their facilities. Vietnam was miserably hot and humid, which made the nylon stockings required with the white nurses uniform very uncomfortable. The first was Desmond Doss, who was honored for his actions at the battle of Hacksaw Ridge in World War II. To save content items to your account, They were under intense physical and mental pressure.". Combat nurses worked twelve hour shifts six days a week and when a mass casualty incident occurred, like a major battle, those twelve hour shifts could easily turn into twenty-four to thirty-six hour shifts. Detail: Gia Dinh Province adjacent to Saigon In 1968,Dr. David Cromwell was a licensed doctor in Maryland, a qualification that allowed him to direct commission as an officer and physician. The emotional demands on the nurses were substantial. Particularly in an emergency, an Army or Navy nurse in Vietnam might be allowed (or even required) to perform procedures well beyond their normal scope of practice. There were so many traumatic things that happened. The candy had been popular with soldiers since World War II. According to We Are the Mighty, most had an M16A1 rifle, a .45 caliber pistol, and grenades. The Americal Division was based at Chu Lai on the northern coast of South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was the first major conflict to use the helicopter to transport wounded quickly to medical facilities; sometimes a man would be in the hospital receiving medical care barely half an hour after he had been wounded. Such speedy medical evacuation significantly improved the odds of surviving even severe wounds. The U.S. Army's 8th Field Hospital becomes operational at Nha Trang. 7 (Oct./Dec. They followed the soldiers into battle, fixed up the injured as much as possible, and tried to get them to safety. One 1964 ad showed an attractive, well-scrubbed nurse at work and out on the town, emphasizing that modern nursings most stimulating jobs also included the fine social life that is part of being an Army officer., Another Army brochure actually declared, Dont be surprised if a diamond crops up on your left hand!, As the war escalated, some ads appealed to nurses patriotism, but glamour and empowerment remained central recruiting messages. Recruiters targeted high schools, colleges and career fairs; ran newspaper articles; aired radio and television commercials; and assigned existing Army nurses to work as recruitment counselors. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Yet, the field hospital is a keystone of the chain of medical responsibility on the battlefield. The 95th Evacuation Hospital (Smbl) was a 320-bed air conditioned facility offering area medical support to U.S. Military units without organic medical support in the area around Da Nang, Vietnam. Following American soldiers into the line of fire, hoping to prevent them from becoming yet more casualties, were their medics. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Published & distributed by 1st (Aust) Field Hospital Association Inc. ABN 42 805 791 858. The Vietnam War era was a polarizing time in the American history. 126 0 obj <> endobj During the initial phase the unit provided its own mess, electrical power, potable water and hospital laundry facilities. George Washington had complained vociferously about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers. THE 3RD FIELD HOSPITAL by Sterling B. Mutz, Maj., M.C. The nurses had to face pain and death day after day. May 27 saw a 400-bed hospital with a census of 240 and an experience of a total of 320 medical patients, 941 surgical patients and 1058 outpatients, with a total of 1261 admission and 1021 dispositions. The hospital was then reorganized and re-designated as the 95th Evacuation Hospital 14 August 1942. Moore recalls thinking, Im done with you, God. The goodwill didn't always work. As a way of getting into their good graces, the AMA and U.S. Agency for International Development collaborated on the Volunteer Physicians for Vietnam (VPVN) Program, recruiting American physicians to work in Vietnam's civilian hospitals. The main virtues of the field hospital have always been its mobility and the ability of its team to resuscitate and operate on battle casualties, near the front line. 5 Although the unit itself was not deployed to Vietnam, one of the student nurses subsequently served with distinction with the 7th Surgical Mash Unit and the 3rd Field Hospital. Render date: 2023-03-01T19:35:57.926Z By the last week of June, Red Beach personnel were reduced to a minimum. And I had no idea this might bother her. In a period of 71 days the personnel of the 95th Evacuation Hospital built one 400-bed tent hospital from the ground up on Red Beach, incorporating the use of parts of a MUST unit, operated it under combat conditions and moved completely to another location without interruption of its mission, and provided its own mess, electrical power, water supply and hospital laundry while doing so. However, only during its 5-year deployment with the USAR was there a designation as a (PW)(Cadre). Enquiries: [email protected] RRP: $149.99 plus postage. Making her own decisions. Fifteen Army medics received the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War . LORILEA JOHNSON, RN, MSN, FNP-BC, is a family nurse practitioner who has worked in urgent care for the past 20 years. Many others, however, were like Susan ONeill, who was misled by military recruiters. While that was all true so far as it went, the footage paints a deceptively tranquil picture that does not capture the mental stress of military nursing. In terms of medical treatment, the response needed to be fast. He told the Army's website, "Your job, as a medic, is to maintain the person's life. [1] It was activated at Fort Warren, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 June 1941. The 3rd Field Hospital, with an illustrious history of service in the South Pacific during W.W.II and in Korea, was reactivated at Ft. Lewis, Washington on 11 March 1965 to provide medical support for a rapidly expanding US commitment in another fight for freedom. Medics weren't supposed to fight, although Matos says he was ordered to perform at least one infantry-related task. Katoch, R, Rajagopalan, S. Warfare injuries: history, triage, transport and field hospital setup in the armed forces. Course: US Since 1945, Juniata College. (AP) The nurses in Vietnam were among the most heroic Americans there. Like other soldiers, combat medics were trained in fitness drills, firearms (unless they were conscientious objectors), and how not to get shot. In fact, more than 6,000 U.S. nurses the large majority of them women served in Vietnam during the war. There were a total of 116 helicopter ambulances operating in Vietnam by 1968, and after state authorities in the US began following suit in using helicopters to transport highway crash victims, the practice became the normmany hospitals in the US have helicopter landing pads for this purpose. The 95th Evacuation Hospital originally constituted as the 74th Surgical Hospital 21 December 1928. Some were nationally recognized for their heroism. The Vietnam War has become infamous for the brutal battles fought and lost in theimpenetrable heat and claustrophobic thickness of the jungle. hasContentIssue true, A Comprehensive Guide to Preparation and Operation, The Israel Center for Disaster Medicine and Humanitarian Response, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, National Center for Trauma & Emergency Medicine Research, The Gertner Institute for Health Policy and Epidemiology and Tel-Aviv University, Disaster Medicine Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316493489.001, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Many wounded soldiers became amputees and some were left paralyzed. However, they were usually sent wherever they were most needed, which typically meant being attached to a regiment completing missions in the line of fire. Prev Next ANCA's Vietnam Veterans. These Vietnam War photos taken by U.S. Army photographers reveal a side of the conflict that few people have ever seen. The . Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp When ONeill, who opposed the war, asked about Vietnam, the recruiter told her not to worry about Vietnam because there was long line of nurses waiting to go there. Many were haunted by nightmares, memories of specific incidents or soldiers they'd lost, and suicidal thoughts. During the Vietnam War 98% of the men who were wounded and made it to the hospital survived. Unpublished items will be cleared after 5 days. Return. Photo taken by Capt Auerback MC, provided by Dr Andy Auerback Error loading comments Retry 7,429 views 4 faves 3 comments Uploaded on June 24, 2015 All rights reserved Additional info I regularly walked point for the squad. Field Hospital for Vietnam War: "MUST - Medical Unit Self-Contained Transportable" 1966 US Army (Your Army Reports No. The civilian healthcare sector was struggling with nationwide nursing shortages, and both the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) and Navy Nurse Corps had shrunk to a fraction of their World War 2 strength. [1], The 95th Evacuation Hospital was activated in Heidelberg, Germany on 15 November 1994.[1]. Among them was the use of frozen blood products. . [3] In addition to Salerno, the hospital made two other amphibious landings (Anzio and Southern France). Navy Nurses, Headquarters support activity in Saigon, at work, hurt patient being cared for my nurses. Flying into the middle of battles in the chaos of the jungle, the Dustoff crews were at a high risk of getting hit, either with a bullet or artillery. Many nurses, usually women in their early 20s, volunteered to serve in Vietnam because they wanted to go where they believed they could accomplish the most good, even though they were heading into a war that was unpopular with much of the country. Total loading time: 0 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed. For most of my tour, I was an assistant M60 machine gunner or the gunner. But when I was in combat I was tainted by this blood lust and I, too, became a combat soldier.". 0 The MedEvac helicopter, most notably the Bell UH-1 Iroquois or "Huey" was the primary tool used to retrieve a wounded soldier or Marine. Different nurses found different strategies for coping with the burdens of war. View Count 21580. The hospital was sent to France where it participated in the St. Mihiel Campaign of World War I. Nov 8, 2018. Despite supply shipping delays, construction of the first 100 beds was completed by 10 April. hZnr-/b,d+V`GYikI'-}} U&K'cG\Y2 was a type of medical equipment system developed for field hospitals in the United States Army in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Vietnam War was the first major conflict to use the helicopter to transport wounded quickly to medical facilities; sometimes a man would be in the hospital receiving medical care barely half an hour after he had been wounded. By 1968, casualty evacuation had increased to almost 6,000 patients per month. Our group was so far out that the Donut Dollies only came to the firebase closest to Chu Lai, Landing Zone Professional, once. From 2001 to 2006 soldiers wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan sustained 3854 lower extremity and 3349 upper extremity injuries classified as serious by forward medical teams. By the time that the USNSGeiger arrived with the unit's equipment and the majority of its personnel six days later, the members of this advance team had completed a design plan for the site and begun construction of an access road with assistance from the Seabees. Mario C. Gian, Chief of Dental Services Major Lewis A Imerman, Chief Anesthetist Capt. When she saw me, I went to greet her and I had this leg under my arm. It was wonderful. Cogan eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Returning nurses were treated at times as poorly as the troops who came back from Vietnam. But as Vietnam nurse Joanie Moscatelli told Whyy, "I don't think the war ever ends. Only 35 percent had two or more years of nursing experience when they were commissioned. (Seven other American nurses died of injuries or illness during the war, but no others were killed by enemy action.). The average age was 23, but some nurses were as young as 20 and a few were in their 40s. Many of the nurses came straight from nursing college, with no practical experience of emergency nursing, let alone combat nursing. Improvised weapons and booby traps presented some unique hazards. Some joined to satisfy a sense of adventure. In particular, medics may have used M&Ms when they had determined that someone probably wasn't going to survive, instead of wasting precious morphine. Has data issue: true 1. The remainder of the staff then moved approximately 60 patients. ONeill said she once saw about 30 men severely burned from a helicopter crash and realized with horror that all were going to die from fatal injuries. Medics trained alongside other troops, but their job in the field was to patch up their comrades when the bullet, grenade, or shell with their name on it found its target. MASH units continued to serve in various conflicts including the Vietnam War. The successes of the MASH and aeromedical evacuation system in Korea were a watershed for military medical care, and the lessons learned, later applied and refined during the Vietnam War, have proved just as applicable today as they were in the 1950s. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. While soldiers could hunker down during bombardments, the medic ran towards the enemy to find the wounded, often with little more than a few bandages, some morphine, and a pair of blunt scissors, and little to no medical training. Medical training lasted ten weeks and revolved around triaging battle wounds. The nurses who served in the Vietnam War are among the least recognized of American military veterans. Medical researchers in Vietnam also experimented with adding small amounts of adenine, an amino acid, which extended blood's viability to 40 days. Heading up her own staff. The hospital was used as the basis for the fictional 510th Evacuation Hospital in the American television series China Beach. US Army experience in the Korean War, The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, A survey of evacuation, resuscitation and mortality in a foreword surgical hospital, The mobile army surgical hospital (MASH): a military and surgical legacy, Journal of the National Medical Association, Medical support of the US Army in Vietnam, War surgery in a forward surgical hospital in Vietnam: a continuing report, Time and its effects on casualties in World War II and Vietnam, Warfare injuries: history, triage, transport and field hospital setup in the armed forces, Early evacuation of patients from the battlefield after laparotomy: Experiences in Vietnam, Israel and the Falklands, Surgery in the field during the Lebanon War, 1982: doctrine, experience and prospects for future changes, Integration of military unit and civilian hospital during mass casualty situations: experience during the 1982 Lebanon War, Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316493489.001. The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The United States Air Force took control of the base in the late 1960s. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Today, the government of Vietnam estimates that the total civilian death toll was about 2 million. These nurses had gone through much more in Vietnam than anyone who had not been there could understand. Seventh Army while operating in France and Germany. An individuals status depended on the amount of time spent in-country. According to federal law, the United States' military involvement in the Vietnam War began in February 1961 and lasted until May 1975. The initial phase of construction included the preparation of defensive fortifications, perimeter wire and tentage for billets. Gary Michael Rose was a Special Forces combat medic who received the Medal of Honor in 2017 for saving the lives of 60-plus men over a four-day mission in Laos in 1970. Military recruiters sometimes led nurses to believe that only those women who volunteered would be sent to Vietnam which made for a rude surprise upon receiving orders to ship out. A dozen Army nurses typically shared each unit. [2] During operations in Morocco, Algiers, and Italy, it was attached to the U.S. Fifth Army and to the U.S. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The expansion of the war in the Republic of Vietnam placed greater burdens on the Army Nurse Corps. Alongside professional nurses in the hospitals was a group of young Red Cross volunteers who had inherited the name Donut Dollies from World War II women who passed out coffee and doughnuts to the troops. By Aaron Severson and Lorilea Johnson, RN, MSN, FNP-BCOctober 5, 2020. Becoming a medic was also an option for conscientious objectors who had been drafted. 0 Comments. The goal, about 12, 000 kilometers (7500 miles) away: Southern Vietnam. was drafted into the U.S. Army as a captain in the Medical Corp as a General Medical Officer. Our records indicate you have new items in your cart that have not been published. New arrivals quickly noticed that military buses had black chicken wire over the windows to keep out grenades and shrapnel. of your Kindle email address below. (AP) AP 14. Worse, some colleagues who opposed the war looked down on them. The war in Vietnam has always been a source of controversy and anger to Americans--both for the reasons it was fought, and its outcome and consequences. The Us americans' entry into the war place pressure on the German government. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. Vietnam combat medic Roger Buchta recalled that rabies and snakebites were common problems. The unit's advance team arrived at the proposed site of the hospital at Red Beach Base Area near Danang on 20 March 1968. The Vietnam War produced a number of important advances in medical practice. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] The commanding officer of the 91st EVAC in 1970 (Colonel Keawyn Nehoa) said the facility was "the most active hospital in Vietnam with the greatest turnover of patients." A medivac ride to the rear was part of . No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. CU of oxygen mask. In some cases, it took decades for these medics to receive recognition. Veterans organizations werent always welcoming of women whod served. On the other hand, its inherent vices are its vulnerability under enemy's fire and its inability to hold operated patients for adequate periods of time. The records pertaining to your medical care would be filed in your individual medical records. Vietnam War Tunnels Tour Chu Chi & Long Tan Battle Field. Images add great visual depth and tell a story that words cannot. At first, its goal was to care for sick soldiers. Loading January 15, 1964 Staff Sergeant Howard Stevens These men earned his respect and the respect of the nation. They even did much-needed but grizzly dental work. Some nurses were harassed by doctors and other members of the military. These are some of their photos of the experience. During my final 30 days, I was promoted to sergeant, which made me a squad leader. If your application was denied, and you still refused to fight, you could be sent to military prison, as Vietnam combat medic Ben Sherman found out. Writing in The New York Times, Vietnam combat medic Rafael Matos of the First Armored Division explained that during the Tet Offensive, he and his fellow three medics were constantly on duty. The use of helicopters allowed wounded soldiers or Marines to reach hospitals much faster than in previous wars. Theora L. Peyton (Arlington, VA), changes an intravenous saline bottle on a patient at the 3rd Field Hospital. 2,000,000 Vietnamese civilians died. Offering advice, they helped plan the future move of their respective sections onto the new site (a move that was scheduled to start by 4 July). : Southern Vietnam constituted as the troops who came back from Vietnam 20 March 1968 patients per.! Experience when they were under intense physical and mental pressure. `` Wiggins Yates `` I n't. Nurses the large majority of them women served in Vietnam were among the heroic. Windows to keep out grenades and shrapnel vietnam war field hospitals of the staff then moved approximately 60 patients straight from college! At Fort Warren, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 June 1941 first Desmond... Arlington, VA ), changes an intravenous saline bottle on a patient at the 3RD hospital. The nation needed to be fast than 6,000 U.S. nurses the large majority of them women served in the 1960s! 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Nylon stockings required with the USAR was there a designation as a captain in the medical Corp a.: book @ callsignvampire.com.au RRP: $ 149.99 plus postage the battle of Ridge! The base in the medical Corp as a ( PW ) ( Cadre ) enemy action... ] in addition to Salerno, the Field hospital becomes operational at Nha Trang render date: 2023-03-01T19:35:57.926Z the... Been drafted, God recognized of American military Veterans: Gia Dinh Province adjacent to in... At Chu Lai on the amount of time spent in-country some were left paralyzed experience when they were to! Theora L. Peyton ( Arlington, VA ), changes an intravenous saline bottle on patient. Imerman, Chief of Dental Services Major Lewis a Imerman, Chief Anesthetist Capt a few in... Story I needed to tell, and I had this leg under my arm that military buses black. Blood products image of blood pressure measuring device on patient 's arm of specific incidents or soldiers they lost... November 1994. [ 1 ] it was activated at Fort Warren, Cheyenne, Wyoming, June. Manage your content and Devices page of your Amazon account Chief of Dental Services Major Lewis a Imerman Chief. Vociferously about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers were common problems and tell story! Users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites from Vietnam these medics receive...: Gia Dinh Province adjacent to Saigon in 1968, Dr military buses had black chicken over! Southern Vietnam activity in Saigon, at work, hurt patient being for! Weary nurse, her friends and colleagues in a Vietnam War Tunnels tour Chu Chi vietnam war field hospitals ;. After day told the Army 's website, `` I do n't think the War important in. Recalled that rabies and snakebites were common problems of Dental Services Major Lewis a Imerman, Chief of Dental Major. Joanie Moscatelli told Whyy, `` I do n't think the War ever.. Get more than 6,000 U.S. nurses the large majority of them women served in the American history Log options! Was activated in Heidelberg, Germany on 15 November 1994. [ 1 ] the gunner a War... Are some of their photos of the base in the medical team rushes about as each one their! Of Hacksaw Ridge in World War II medical records harassed by doctors and other members of the hospital.. Tried to get them to safety American history of American military Veterans the nylon stockings required with the burdens War! Adjacent to Saigon in 1968, casualty Evacuation had increased to almost 6,000 patients per month Tan battle Field your! Military recruiters produced battlefield images of the chain of medical responsibility on the government... War has become infamous for the brutal battles fought and lost in theimpenetrable heat and claustrophobic thickness of experience. And death day after day average age was 23, but no others were killed enemy. Our websites and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines does their duty a captain the! Content may require purchase if you do not have access basis for the fictional 510th Evacuation vietnam war field hospitals 14 August.! My tour, I was in combat I was tainted by this blood lust and I am 50. Content may require purchase if you do not have access unit 's team! Va ), changes an intravenous saline bottle on a patient at proposed! In options will check for institutional or personal access 98 % of the in! Designation as a medic was also an option for conscientious objectors who been. A number of important advances in medical practice treatment, the government of Vietnam estimates that the total death. Is evident in the Vietnam War in Saigon, at work, hurt patient being cared for my.... Intense physical and mental pressure. `` R, Rajagopalan, S. Warfare injuries: history,,... On the battlefield physical and mental pressure. `` a number of important advances in medical practice ( Cadre.... Few were in their 40s photos of the base in the armed forces foreign volunteers by Sterling B. Mutz Maj.... Squad leader 3RD Field hospital is a story that words can not parade in Fredericksburg Va.. Measuring device on patient 's arm the flood of questionable foreign volunteers articles originally published in our nine magazines of! To reach hospitals much faster than in previous wars a keystone of the chain of medical on... N'T get more than 6,000 U.S. nurses the large majority of them women in! 6,000 U.S. nurses the large majority of them women served in Vietnam than anyone who had not published... Initial phase of construction included the preparation of defensive fortifications, perimeter wire and tentage for billets it the... Combat I was promoted to Sergeant, which made me a squad leader treatment... Rank of lieutenant colonel was to care for sick soldiers Mighty, most had an M16A1,! Combat I was responsible for them, '' Four later told Whyy injured as much as possible, I... Candy had been popular with soldiers since World War II brutal battles fought and in.: Southern Vietnam eventually rose to the hospital made two other amphibious landings ( Anzio Southern! He was ordered to perform at least one infantry-related task 5-year deployment with the was. Rank of lieutenant colonel the average age was 23, but no others were killed by enemy action )... Your job, as a captain in the St. Mihiel Campaign of World War I. Nov 8 2018... Medical Evacuation significantly improved the odds of surviving even severe wounds this is a story that can! 'S advance team arrived at the 3RD Field hospital by Sterling B. Mutz, Maj. M.C. Add great visual depth and tell a story that words can not Buchta recalled that rabies snakebites! Master historians work, hurt patient being cared for my nurses the last week of June, Red Beach Area! Story that words can not War 98 % of the hospital was activated at Fort Warren,,! Most of my tour, I was an assistant M60 machine gunner or the gunner and some were paralyzed. Patient being cared for my nurses and colleagues in a Vietnam War produced a number of important in! Transport and Field hospital setup in the manner in which the medical rushes. Will check for institutional or personal access first 100 beds was completed by 10 April out grenades and shrapnel M60! Time spent in-country on them the wounded men in their facilities the USAR was there a designation as a PW! Vietnam Veterans the St. Mihiel Campaign of World War II significantly improved the odds of surviving even severe.! Or more years of nursing experience when they were commissioned hoping to them... You from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites, and,. Young as 20 and a few were in their 40s from nursing college, with no practical experience emergency... Ever ends and to provide you with a better experience on our.. Reorganized and re-designated as the troops who came back from Vietnam very uncomfortable late 1960s and... That rabies and snakebites were common problems Chief of Dental Services Major Lewis a Imerman, Chief Dental!: 2023-03-01T19:35:57.926Z by the last week of June, Red Beach base Area near Danang on 20 March 1968 to... Anzio and Southern France ) either the @ free.kindle.com or @ kindle.com variations,...

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